Comparison of different technologies using organic acid and mineral acid solvents on pectin extraction from apple pomace
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Pectin is one of the most widely used functional polysaccharide, which is extensively used in food, biotechnological, chemical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Pectin can be suitably extracted from apple pomace which is the main by-product of apple juice industry. In this study, pectin obtained from microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction (CE) were compared in terms of extraction yield, extraction time and extraction temperature. The type of acids namely organic acids and mineral acids were also compared, in which pectin from apple pomace was extracted using different concentration of organic acid (citric acid, 0.1 M and 0.05 M) and mineral acid (hydrochloric acid, 0.1 M and 0.05 M). The best extraction condition of the extraction process was found to be higher in yield by using citric acid at microwave power of 180 W, solid-to-liquid ratio of (1:25), concentration of citric acid of 0.1 M for 90 s. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of pectin reached 19.1 ± 0.2%,methoxyl content (5.27%), anhydroglacturonic acid (43.38%) and degree of esterification (68.97%). The current work showed that critic acid is a ‘green’ and safe acidic solvent that could be used to extract pectin from apple pomace that was highly competitive and environmentally friendly process. The microwave Assisted extraction method is considered to be a potential alternative conventional (traditional) extraction method. The obtained data undertakes that apple pomace obtained by the green extraction has a great potential to be a valuable source of pectin, while preserving similar quality to conventional sources of pectin.
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